Basic Rules of Baking

(1)  Read your recipe carefully before starting:  Be sure you have all the ingredients called for and that you understand the recipe clearly. Learn more about recipes (What is a Recipe? How to Follow a Recipe. Why Some Recipes Don’t Work. What is Mise en Place?) my next blog.

(2)  Cultivate the do-it-right attitude and habit. Remember: If it is worth doing, it is worth doing right! Baking demands accuracy and care. Unlike other kinds of cooking, such as soups or stews, you cannot improvise or substitute ingredients.

(3)  Never carry on another activity while you are mixing a recipe. Distractions, no matter how small, lead to mistakes. Let the telephone ring!

(4)  Use good tools and utensils:  Assemble all the bowls, pans, and utensils you will need on your counter or work table before starting. Use standard measuring cups and spoons (see below).

(5)  Use Correct Pan Sizes:  Use the type of pan specified in the recipe. Recipes are carefully calculated as to yield and changing the pan size also alters the baking temperature and time. Larger, more shallow pans need increased heat; smaller, deeper pans need decreased heat. The size of a baking pan or dish is measured across the top of the container from the inside edge to inside edge. The depth also is measured on the inside of the pan or dish from the bottom to the top of the rim.

Prepare the pan carefully according to the recipe. Place pans as near the center of the oven as possible. Do not place pans directly over another and do not crowd the oven (this makes for uneven baking).

(6)  Use top-quality ingredients and assemble the ingredients before starting:  You can't expect a first-rate product using second-rate ingredients. Be sure your ingredients are fresh and of the finest quality. If your recipe says the ingredient must be room temperature, be sure it is room temperature before proceeding.

(7)  Measure the quantities correctly:  This is a baking must! One common cause of cooking failures is inaccurate measurement of ingredients. You can use the best ingredients in the world, but if you do not measure correctly, the recipe will not come out properly. Also always use level measurements (all measurements in a recipe are level).

Measuring Liquids:  Use a glass measuring cup. The glass permits you to see the level of the liquid being measured. The cup for liquids should have additional space above the one-cup line, so that a full cup can be accurately measured without spilling. Check the measurement at eye level.
 

Measuring dry ingredients:  
Use standard individual cups. Lightly spoon dry ingredients into correct cup size, heat up, and level off with edge of spatula by cutting across the top. Use measuring spoons in this way too.
Flour need not be sifted before measuring unless recipe specifies it. Sifting flour onto a sheet of wax paper instead of into a bowl cuts down on dishwashing.
Measure brown sugar by packing it firmly into a measuring cup or into a measuring spoon.

(8)  Mix Carefully:  Each type of baking has difference methods of performing the mixing. Follow the recipe carefully.
 

(9)  Final Step Before Baking:  Spread cake batter evenly in the pans. Do not drop of knock pans to level the batter.
 

(10)  Use correct oven temperatures:  Never increase a cooking temperature because you are in a hurry. Make sure the racks are placed properly before heating the oven. If the recipe calls for a preheated oven, preheat it!  Preheat at least 15 minutes before baking. Don't open the oven door prematurely. A draft may cause your baked product to fall. You can ruin a cake with a slow start in a cool oven because the cake can rise too quickly and then fall when the oven heat takes a spurt upward.

Fahrenheit (°F)	Celsius (°C)	Gas Number	Oven Terms
225 °F	110 °C	1/4	Very Cool
250 °F	130 °C	1/2	Very Slow
275 °F	140 °C	1	Very Slow
300 °F	150 °C	2	Slow
325 °F	165 °C	3	Slow
350 °F	177 °C	4	Moderate
375 °F	190 °C	5	Moderate
400 °F	200 °C	6	Moderately Hot
425 °F	220 °C	7	Hot
450 °F	230 °C	8	Hot
475 °F	245 °C	9	Hot
500 °F	260 °C	10	Extremely Hot
550 °F	290 °C	10	Broiling

It is a good idea to check your oven temperature with a freestanding oven thermometer. An oven thermometer is very handy (and inexpensive) to find out what temperature your oven really is cooking at. An oven thermometer can be left in the oven to verify that the oven is heating to the desired temperatures.
If the oven is not maintaining the set temperature, the oven thermostat will have to be adjusted by a service center representative authorized by the manufacturer. However, if, after testing the oven temperature at several settings (325, 350, 375, and 400°F), it is consistently high or low by the same amount (say, 25°F), this can be factored into the temperature setting. For example, if you know that your oven runs "hot" by 25°F and you need to bake something at 350°F, set the oven for 325°F. Always check the oven thermometer to verify the temperature.